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When photosynthetic capacity is overwhelmed, chloroplasts produce elevated levels of ROS, particularly 1 O 2 , leading to lipid peroxidation, chloroplast damage, and irreversible photoinhibition ( Plants have evolved photoprotective mechanisms, including non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and enzymatic ROS scavenging
This approach also supports weight loss by increasing daily calorie expenditure, making it a dual-benefit strategy
It is important to note that many of the studies that examined the efficacy of lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy have been primarily conducted by one German research group and funded by the manufacturer of lipoic acid in Germany (82)
These side effects are typically very short-lived, if they occur at all, and should predictably resolve within 15 minutes of administration
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