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Mari et al., 2008, 2009), mGSH arises as an important modulator of apoptotic cell death by indirectly controlling the redox state of cardiolipin (Mari et al., 2008

This activation of microglia by mSOD1 appears mediated through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, and CD14 [126]

and Glutathione normally exists in its reduced form (GSH) and is converted to its oxidized form (GSSG) by stimulation such as oxidative stress

Because of this rapid degradation, it was widely believed that oral glutathione had extremely poor bioavailability (often estimated at less than 5%) and could not effectively raise systemic intracellular stores